The postmodern identity and the key points it is based on

The introduction: the fundamentals of the novel While analyzing the novel written by William Gibson, I would like to point out one of the most important or key elements the novel is based on. In other words, I would like to define its basic idea. In my opinion, the author represents new aspects of identity. Generally, it is a cyberspace, which determines the postmodern identity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The postmodern identity and the key points it is based on specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It seems the novel is related to modern Western society and discloses the so-called social issues. The author appeals to the readers’ present life; no future aspects are considered in the novel. Benjamin Fair is of the opinion that Gibson’s production â€Å"illustrates how technology and global capitalism influence our ontology by generating a world of images that have no original referent: meaning is c ut loose from our surroundings, so that the self and the world we knew are in question† (92). On the other hand, the novel discovers political unpleasant consequences. As far as the novel reflects a cyberpunk genre, one can make a conclusion that the perspectives the author highlights are recognized to be malicious. This can be called the glorification of postmodernism. However, according to Gibson’s novel, a cyberspace gives an opportunity to feel what freedom and joy are. Robert M. Geraci says that â€Å"Gibson explores the possibilities inherent in a futuristic dystopia. He shows that there is a technological good life even amid the tragedy of a world that has lived through economic and environmental decline† (972). The thesis statement William Gibson’s novel Neuromancer highlights reality issues of a virtual world. The description of a cyberspace and its constituents is one of the key points the author wants to draw the readers’ attention to. Re ligion-science discussion is one of the key ideas Gibson wanted to disclose; although the idea seems to be hidden. The body: the reality of an objective postmodern culture While reading the novel, my first impression was really clear and obvious; however, later I’ve understood that it was not clear, but fallacious. Thus, I thought that the author wanted to show a dystopian pessimism. In other words, I supposed it was his principal aim. Anyway, it was a shortage of positive alternatives that made me to become alerted and doubt the first impression. So, my opinion has been changed. It was probably a utopian pessimism the author wanted to highlight in his novel. In this case, one can make a conclusion that the future is not as dark as the author states. â€Å"Neuromancer’s Rastas illustrate a positive political alternative to Gibson’s dark future, but only in the light of the sociohistorical contextAdvertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's s ee if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More of Rastafari as a religious and political movement† (Fair 93). To my mind, the description of Rastafarian culture determines the fundamentals of postmodern identity. In his novel, the author protests against European colonial society. It seems that, on the one hand, postmodern reality is determined by the contact between the genre and modern techno-culture. For instance, Victoria de Zwaan is of the opinion that â€Å"following the arguments about late capitalism by Mandel and Jameson, a number of critics situate cyberpunk in a postmodern reality† (1). So, my assumption can be correct. Fictional reality embraces numerous structures, which are hidden from our mind. However, the author tries to disclose them step by step. For instance, when reading the novel, it becomes evident that postmodern reality or culture, etc. is created by the conditions Gibson describes. In other words, there are the glo bal realities, which create a postmodern world. That means that Gibson’s area of investigation is considered to be an objective postmodern culture. Numerous critical discussions of Gibson’s genre include not only technologies and science, but also important psychological issues, namely lack of self-confidence or indecision, contemporary culture, etc. In his novel, Gibson compares two worlds. In my opinion, the description Case vs. Maelcum is one of the most difficult to understand. Strength and faithfulness vs. lack of confidence is one of the most controversial questions the novel highlights. So, some philosophical issues are also explored by the author. Confluence and its opposite side are recognized to be the key aspects of the novel. The rejection of identity is the point Gibson is interested in. In my opinion, the symbolical meaning of physical identity rejection is a sure death. Case’s â€Å"total rejection of his own physical identity is juxtaposed with a reference to embodiment that affirms it as the source of his power† (Fair 98). Angel Mateos-Aparicio states that virtual world and a reality â€Å"could not be reduced to narrative time displacement or to the use of some conventional technological or scientific motifs† (4). For this reason, the readers are to analyze critical and philosophical conceptions. I suppose that such investigation can help the readers to understand the peculiarities of the genre Gibson creates. However, in my opinion, the issue, which is really problematic, is the difference or contradiction between the objective reality and imagination. Moreover, the problem is crucial in relation to postmodern criticism. â€Å"One of the main projects of postmodernism was the revision of the traditional role of narrative as a transparent means of linguistic representation† (Mateos-Aparicio 4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The postmodern identity and the key points it is base d on specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taking into account postmodern theories, one can make a conclusion that it is human experience, which most of the cyberpunk stories are based on. In this case, the readers are to draw their attention to a powerful cognitive aspect. Thus, it becomes obvious that there is no need to identify reality issues and virtual or imaginative ones. Moreover, the readers can consider numerous virtual things as the constituent parts of the real world or the so-called philosophical reality. The aspects of symbolism and metaphor the author relies on are recognized to be of cognitive origin. Metaphysical genre the author represents gives us the idea about narrative settings. I suppose that a utopian pessimism is still considered to be the main idea of the novel; although some critics may disagree with my opinion. Thus, â€Å"Moylan rejects the Zion cluster as a utopian alternative to the dystopia of postindustria l capitalism in the novel. He finds that the Zionite Rastas consistently adhere to patriarchal, capitalist, and colonial models† (Fair 93). However, to confirm my own ideas, I would like to rely on the opinion of a French philosopher Jean Baudrillard, who states that â€Å"the real world has become utopian and that fictional models provide an experience of what reality has actually turned into† (Mateos-Aparicio 5). So, in this case, I suppose that utopian world is exactly the hidden point the author wanted to disclose in his novel. In my opinion, Gibson didn’t want to highlight the contradictions between the reality and a virtual world as most of the people may think. On the contrary, the key aspect is not a conflict between the two worlds, but their structure. In other words, the aspects, which the readers are to draw their attention to, are totally different structures the reality and imaginative world represent. The conclusion: the meaning of Gibson’s n ovel â€Å"The problem of cybernetic system feedback is not limited to the themes and techniques in texts; it leads to questioning the very purpose of constructing futuristic narratives† (Csicsery-Ronay, Jr. 1). In my opinion, the author represents the human conditions in respect of two different realities. Thus, he compares the issues, which structure is not similar. In his novel, Gibson relies on the concept of neofuturism, in order to resolve the contradictions which appear. Gibson tries to disclose numerous hidden issues a virtual world includes. The description of countercultures is one of the key aspects the author highlights in his work. Thus, in Tony Myers’s work one can read â€Å"although the dominant culture always looms in the background—in the multinational corporations as well as in the form of a few powerful individuals the surface attention is all on the counterculture† (889). I suppose that metaphoric origin of the novel prevents the read ers’ understanding of the novel. In other words, there are some hidden issues are related to cognitive connotation, which is not so easy to recognize.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Anyway, in my opinion, Gibson gives his readers some prompts concerning the most important points of the novel. He discloses some philosophical conceptions, which arouse the readers’ interest and help to understand that first impression is not really what the readers need. Works Cited Csicsery-Ronay, Jr., Istvan. The Sentimental Futurist: Cybernetics and Art in William  Gibson’s Neuromancer, 1992. Web. Fair, Benjamin. Stepping Razor in Orbit: Postmodern Identity and Political  Alternatives in William Gibson’s Neuromancer, 2005. Web. Geraci, Robert. Robots and the Sacred in Science and Science Fiction: Theological  Implications of Artificial Intelligence, 2007. Web. Mateos-Aparicio, Angel. The Symbolism of Synthetic Space in Cube (1997):  Postmodern SF Film as Consensual Hallucination, 1997. Web. Myers, Tony. The Postmodern Imaginary in William Gibson’s Neuromancer, 2001. Web. Zwaan, Victoria. Rethinking the Slipstream: Kathy Acker Reads Neuromance r, 1997. Web. This essay on The postmodern identity and the key points it is based on was written and submitted by user Hydro-Man to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Jefferson Notes on the State of Virginia and Race essays

Jefferson Notes on the State of Virginia and Race essays Thomas Jefferson, a man who penned the words, "All men are created equal," was a slave owner. To many, this is an inconceivable contradictiona hypocritical blasphemy against truth. However, Jefferson was ultimately a man of his times, mired in the social and political climate of his daya day, when slavery was a simple, if not repugnant, fact of life. But how, exactly, did Jefferson feel about racial difference and the justification of slavery' The answer can be clearly found in his work, At the time of its writing, Jefferson's Notes was an important diplomatic document. Jefferson knew that the country desperately needed to have the support of various European nations if it was to successfully break free from the grasp of Great Britain. However, he worried that the image of the United States would be tarnished if the notion that its Indians had been conquered and enslaved. For this reason, he wrote, "An inhuman practice once prevailed in this country of making slaves of the Indians. (This practice commenced with the Spaniards with the first discovery of America)."(61) Thus, Jefferson was keenly resolute in denying that the United States was responsible for enslaving American Indiansand he not only vigorously denied this fact, but shifted the blame onto the original Spanish explorers. However, this begs the questionwhat of the black slavesthe very ones he kept on his plantation' To Jefferson, the answer was clear. Not only was the situation and position of black slaves different, but it was far more dangerous to the survival of the country Indeed, Jefferson not only justifies the continuation of the institution of slavery in his writing, but he refers to a "doom" scenario, where, were slaves to be freed, the cumulative injustices infl ...

American and British English Pronunciation Differences

American and British English pronunciation differences From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Comparison of American and British English| American English British English| Computing| Keyboards| Orthography| Spelling| Speech| Accent Pronunciation| Vocabulary| American words not widely used in BritainBritish words not widely used in AmericaWords having different meanings in British and American English: A–L  Ã‚ · M–Z| Works| Works with different titles in the UK and US| * v * t * e| | This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. (October 2012) | | This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. October 2012) | Differences in pronunciation between American English (AmE) and British English (BrE) can be divided into: * differences in accent (i. e. phoneme inventory and realisation). See differences between General American and Received Pronunciation for the standard accents in the United States and Britain; for information about other accents see regional accents of English speakers. * differences in the pronunciation of individual words in the lexicon (i. . phoneme distribution). In this article, transcriptions use Received Pronunciation (RP) to represent BrE and General American (GAm) and to represent AmE. In the following discussion * superscript A2 after a word indicates the BrE pronunciation of the word is a common variant in AmE * superscript B2 after a word indicates the AmE pronunciation of the word is a common variant in BrE Contents * 1 Stress * 1. French stress * 1. 2 -ate and -atory * 1. 3 Miscellaneous stress * 2 Affixes * 2. 1 -ary -ery -ory -bury, -berry, -mony * 2. 2 -ile * 2. 3 -ine * 3 Weak forms * 4 Miscellaneous pronunciation differences * 4. 1 Single differences * 4. 2 Multiple differences * 5 References| Stress French stress For many loanwo rds from French where AmE has final-syllable stress, BrE stresses an earlier syllable. Such words include: * BrE first-syllable stress: adultA2,B2, balletA2, baton, beret, bidet, blase, brevetA2, brochureB2, buffet, cafeA2, canardB2, chagrin, chaletA2, chauffeurA2,B2, chiffon, clicheB2, coupe, croissant, debrisB2, debut, decor, detailA2, detenteB2, flambe, frappe, garageB2, gateau, gourmetA2, lame, montageA2, parquet, pastel, pastille, pate, precis, sachet, salon, soupcon, vaccine; matinee, negligee, nonchalant, nondescript; also some French names, including BernardB2, Calais, Degas, Dijon, Dumas, Francoise, ManetA2, Maurice, MonetA2, Pauline, Renault, ReneB2, Renoir, Rimbaud, DelacroixB2. BrE second-syllable stress: attache, consomme, decollete, declasse, De Beauvoir, Debussy, demode, denouement, distingue, Dubonnet, escargot, expose, fiance(e)A2, retrousse A few French words have other stress differences: * AmE first-syllable, BrE last-syllable: addressA2 (postal), moustacheA2; cigaretteA2, limousineB2, magazineB2, * AmE first-syllable, BrE second-syllable: liaisonA2 , macrame, Renaissance (AmE also final-syllable stress) * AmE second-syllable, BrE last-syllable: New OrleansA2 -ate and -atory Most 2-syllable verbs ending -ate have first-syllable stress in AmE and second-syllable stress in BrE. This includes castrate, dictateA2, donateA2, locateA2, mandateB2, migrate, placate, prostrate, pulsate, rotate, serrateA2,B2, spectate, striated, translateA2, vacate, vibrate; in the case of cremate, narrate, placate, the first vowel is in addition reduced to /? / in BrE. Examples where AmE and BrE match include create, debate, equate, elate, negate, orate, relate with second-syllable stress (though in American usage, orate occasionally attracts first-syllable stress); and mandate and probate with first-syllable stress.

Benefit Law Advice Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Benefit Law Advice - Case Study Example Also included in the conclusion is a finality point emphasizing that social services can have positive impacts or negative impacts on the social lives of those who live with disabilities. Obtaining benefits for DLA or Attendance Allowance can be tricky and confusing for many, especially when it comes to understanding what the different eligibility requirements associated with AA and the possible benefits are. Physical limitations are actually categorized in various ways, which often depend on what the Commissioner confirms as applicable for benefits of AA or not. Obtaining an AA varies from case to case (as was stated) but legislative law in Britain does recognize people as being eligible to receive it if they have a terminal illness, mental handicap, physical limitation, and are otherwise incapacitated due to a terminal prognosis that also included surgical procedures which could lead to limitations in their former routines. However, anyone age 65 or older who has received a prognosis of a terminal illness and only have on average 6 months to live is eligible for AA according to the Benefit's agency (Nosowska 2004, p. 284). Nevertheless, there have been cases where people have actually died while awaiting approval from the Commissioner for AA or DLA assistance (Nosowska 2004, p.286). The case that is being referred to is in regards to 22 elderly women who were diagnosed with terminal cancer. The Commissioner approved them for AA but the wait was so long and the financial burden so heavy that as was stated, a number of them died while waiting for approval to receive the care they needed (Nosowska 2004, p.284). It would seem that the Commissioner could have used a "common sense" perspective to process these 22 women's claims faster, yet did not. Also, one would think that it should have also been obvious that these elderly women were suffering from forms of dementia along with their terminal prognosis which limited their abilities to "function independently". A physical limitation or lack of competence is normally enough for the Commissioner to approve AA, which in these 22 cases it was approved but again the delay in achieving it is what lead t o the adversities in health for some of the women (Ariotti 1999, p. 216). When the view switches to individual assessments on personal capabilities in regards to lifting and muscle strength there are also an innumerable amount of variables that are weighed and considered. The Commissioners decision to change the original "lift and carry" assessment has proven to make a great difference when professionals are trying to determine whether an individual has the ability to perform work related duties or not. There have been specific cases in the past that have affected the Commissioner's decision to reform article 8 in the personal capability assessment procedures (Benefits and Work UK 2004). For example, due to a historic case known as "Howker", definite changes were found to be needed because some of the physical assessments in the testing were shown to have placed individuals in far worse conditions than before they were even assessed (Benefits and Work UK 2004). Also, it would appear that the wrong questions were

Genetic modified food in the U.S. (GMO) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Genetic modified food in the U.S. (GMO) - Essay Example The scientific methods used are critical and needs to be researched widely to elucidate the controversy of the GMO and their effects on human beings. Most GMOs take less time than usual to grow. This has been considered as an abnormal situation that can lead to several health complications to consumers. One of the controversies is related to the idea or allegations that GMOs have fertility complications on the users (Food and Nutrition Board 5). This is evidenced by numerous studies that were conducted on different animals that turned out to be positive on infertility. Immune problem has also been associated with consuming of GMOs. It is argued that continued consumption of the GMO causes or leads to lowered immune system in the body. In addition there have been allegations that continued consumption of GM foods causes aging factors that make individuals to age at a faster rate than the normal rate. Some doctors have conducted some tests on GM foods and advice people to avoid GM foods because they have numerous health consequences to the body. Studies have documented that most susceptive group of the population are the children (Food and Nutrition Board 5). In fact, some doctors have argued that in some extreme case, children act as experimental animals for GM foods because of their weak immune systems. One of the notable experiments that confirmed problems with GM foods on children involved rats that were injected with GM soy on female rats. Within a span of three weeks, most of the rat babies were dead. The control group that involved rats that were fed with natural soy recorded a 10% death rate. Babies that survived to the maturity had problems getting pregnant. In this regard, it is argued that the use GM foods by human beings would be similar to the experiment that was on rats. In addition, when male rats were fed with GM soy, their testicles changed color form normal pink to dark blue and alteration of sperm. The DNA composition of the

Sucsessfull Students Essay Example for Free

Sucsessfull Students Essay Abstract This literature review includes the meaning of a successful students, it tells us the qualities of a blooming students, it tells how an average student can become a successful student, what qualities should an average students adopt to become a successful student, what type of difficulties an average student feel in their daily life in becoming a perfect student, how a successful student effects their environment. This work tells us that what people think about successful student and what is the actual meaning of it? It tells us that true successful student work hard to get knowledge but today students work hard to get money. Successful students 3 Successful students: Everyone likes to be a successful. Getting a scholarship, making money, to have a car, and a beautiful house or being popular are very common accomplishments for everyone. These accomplishments are only the immediate rewards. Long term success is a journey. There is no destination for that magic we all call success. Education is a magic it can open many doors that were deviously closed, so get the best education you can. And if you have decided to go with education than do work hard as more as you can. In this research paper you will become familiar with the various learning strategies and be shown how some of these techniques can be applied to educational success. Researcher will provide you simple effective and dynamic tools to use every day as you must do to succeed. Whether techniques or golden rules are really important for us? To answer this question researcher tells a story. Once there was a ship it was out of order, many engineers were trying to start the ship but they were unable to start it they do many techniques but all in vain, then there came a person he started examine all over the ship about 2 times, than he put a spanner and start tighten a small nut and he said please start the ship and ship started working. After one week he received a cheque of $ 20,000 he was really shocked to see that he received $ 20,000 for just tightening a small nut and then he found a statement written on back side of the cheque â€Å" $ 2 for tightening the nut and $ 19,998 for finding which nut†. From this story it can be learnt why techniques are so important? And the techniques which researcher is pointing out are important and every student should follow it. 1. Manage time and set priority 2. Responsibilities 3: Effective study Successful student 4 Time management and set priority John (1998) states that about time management â€Å"Make time your friend not your enemy. † (lin. 23). Time management is very important skill for student. It enables to identify your priorities and using these priorities to manage time. Successful student must not create impossible situations for themselves. Prepare a suitable timetable list of the courses, work, study time, recreations, meals, TV, relaxation, your friends’ activities and follow this timetable strictly. Most of the students make a timetable but do not follow it. Avoid distractions and lack of focus. Time is precious. Yet many might waste time by getting stuck in one or more stupid habits. Responsibilities Everyone knows that reading, writing, listening and speaking are basic to education without this education is nothing. But what about responsibilities? How would you like to work for an in irresponsible boss, or be known as an irresponsible parent, or take a class from an irresponsible teacher? It does not sound very good. However we don’t care our responsibilities. According to researcher the most important point is responsibility because without this we can’t do anything. Iif you are responsible you will do your assignment in time if you are responsible you will punctual if you are responsible and will do every work in time and better others that’s why this habit teaches very much things. Donna (1923) states that â€Å"the path of success lies on the road of responsibility† (p. 4). Successful student 5 Affective studying Affective studying has some requirements like creating favorable conditions, generate positive attitude, and develop good techniques. Create a schedule. Plan to study specific times each week. Breakup times as much as possible. Use a location where you can concentrate. Avoided or remove distractions. Made the subject meaningful to use in some way, if you are funded difficulty than consult someone. And always try to avoid from lack of consideration. Lack of concentration is like a lack of fuel. Without consideration the mind has little power. And it will harm you much Successful student a word of honor for every student in this world. Whenever we hear this word and image of a student comes in our mind. Who always stood 1st in his class, takes full marks and is a role model for all students. Is that is enough for a successful student? No, absolutely no, a successful student is not only good in their studies, he is a good son, a good brother, a good friend and also a good neighbor. Almost every kind of goodness present in them. Also he is a true Muslim. Researcher says that now these days we cannot find such students whose aim of life is to gain knowledge, who study to increase their knowledge, who study for the welfare of humanity . But we can find number of students who study only for their own benefits like to get good jobs and to earn money. According to a research there are 87% People study for their own benefits. If we want to become a successful student we have to follow some steps. Successful student 6 References Colna,R. D (1985). where is your success? Thopwr Review, 6,1997–1999. Roconar, G. Wine, Q, kreber, E. J. (1966). Starvation university of madin? , 1996, 1994–1996. A. Grandued, G. C. (1996). New methods . Hunter in jungle , 57, 1985. Jeff Haden (Nov 7, 2012) 8 Things Remarkably Successful People Do. 2009-2012 Heidi Grant Halvorson (Dec 13, 2012) Nine Ways Successful People Defeat Stress. 2011-2012 Kevin PurdyWhat (jan 22, 2009) Successful People Do With The First Hour Of Their Work Day. 2008-2009.

Inventions: The Steam Engine and the Internet Essay -- Innovation

Despite originating more than two centuries and half a world apart, the steam engine and the Internet followed similar paths throughout their conception, development, and execution. In 1712, the first successful steam engine was built; it was bulky, inefficient, and partially hand operated. Two hundred fifty-three years later, the first major network connection was made, using slow, dedicated phone lines to carry information across the country from expensive, complicated computers in Massachusetts to their counterparts in California. Although these innovations were advanced for their time, their usefulness was limited by the scope of their execution. Fast forwarding to 1820, steam engines now used superheated, high pressure steam in order to yield more power in a smaller space, resulting in their widespread use in trains, boats, and cars. The engines operated under 13 times more pressure, using new technology to avoid explosions (CITE 3). Similarly by 1973, networking and networks ha d advanced at a frenzied pace. People now sent emails to people across the country and then heard the voices of those same people from terminals from universities and companies (CITE 2). The rapid pace of these improvements, coupled with their accessibility, resulted in two designs that profoundly changed the world view of people and businesses. These two designs are not only similar in their origins and historical progressions; they are also akin in the effect of their widespread use. Since their inceptions, they have both had extensive impacts on the world around them. Following the inventions of the steam engine and the Internet, the world was thrust into periods that are characterized as having â€Å"a succession of breakthrough inventions" and â€Å"a commo... ...of steam engines in factories freed the factories to go anywhere. Previously, machines had been powered by the swift flowing water of rivers. Once freed from that constraint, factories were built in more convenient locations, nearer to consumers. Works Cited http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=25442 http://history-world.org/Industrial%20Intro.htm http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3405300236.html http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/trevithicko.htm http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/data/files/Kleinrock/Information%20Flow%20in%20Large%20Communication%20Nets.pdf http://www.linfo.org/packet_switching.html http://library.thinkquest.org/17658/nuc/nuchistoryht.html http://www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/article?id=ar531140&st=history+of+steam+engine http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline http://www.inventionreaction.com/famous-inventions/Steam-Engine Inventions: The Steam Engine and the Internet Essay -- Innovation Despite originating more than two centuries and half a world apart, the steam engine and the Internet followed similar paths throughout their conception, development, and execution. In 1712, the first successful steam engine was built; it was bulky, inefficient, and partially hand operated. Two hundred fifty-three years later, the first major network connection was made, using slow, dedicated phone lines to carry information across the country from expensive, complicated computers in Massachusetts to their counterparts in California. Although these innovations were advanced for their time, their usefulness was limited by the scope of their execution. Fast forwarding to 1820, steam engines now used superheated, high pressure steam in order to yield more power in a smaller space, resulting in their widespread use in trains, boats, and cars. The engines operated under 13 times more pressure, using new technology to avoid explosions (CITE 3). Similarly by 1973, networking and networks ha d advanced at a frenzied pace. People now sent emails to people across the country and then heard the voices of those same people from terminals from universities and companies (CITE 2). The rapid pace of these improvements, coupled with their accessibility, resulted in two designs that profoundly changed the world view of people and businesses. These two designs are not only similar in their origins and historical progressions; they are also akin in the effect of their widespread use. Since their inceptions, they have both had extensive impacts on the world around them. Following the inventions of the steam engine and the Internet, the world was thrust into periods that are characterized as having â€Å"a succession of breakthrough inventions" and â€Å"a commo... ...of steam engines in factories freed the factories to go anywhere. Previously, machines had been powered by the swift flowing water of rivers. Once freed from that constraint, factories were built in more convenient locations, nearer to consumers. Works Cited http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=25442 http://history-world.org/Industrial%20Intro.htm http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3405300236.html http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/trevithicko.htm http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/data/files/Kleinrock/Information%20Flow%20in%20Large%20Communication%20Nets.pdf http://www.linfo.org/packet_switching.html http://library.thinkquest.org/17658/nuc/nuchistoryht.html http://www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/article?id=ar531140&st=history+of+steam+engine http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline http://www.inventionreaction.com/famous-inventions/Steam-Engine

How Roles and Statuses Affect Behavior

How Roles and Statuses Affect Behavior There is a fine line between status and role. Status is the position or a rank in a group or social structure. An example of this would be the president, Barack H. Obama. The president is a status because it is a position in a social structure; in this case, Barack H. Obama would be the president of America. On the other hand, a role is an assumed or an expected way a person should behave. For example, a mother is an assumed position where as soon as a female gives birth, they are expected to take care of the child, and thus called â€Å"mother. In Philip G. Zimbardo’s article, â€Å"The Pathology Of Imprisonment,† (pg. 140, 2011) Zimbardo wanted to simulate a prison environment and see the psychological and how the roles of the guards and prisoners develop. Zimbardo did this by creating a advertisement in the newspaper and hired two dozen young men who were at first, all on the same playing field; all of them had no criminal reco rd, emotionally stable, normal, and were all intelligent and from middle class families.The important part about this is that the role of prisoner and the role of guard were chosen by the flip of a coin which meant that the roles were completely random and the prison environment would be the only factor in how it shaper the boys behaviors. Throughout the experiment, the boys were videotaped so that Zimbardo could observe the behavior. Very quickly Zimbardo noticed that the guards became more and more aggressive towards the prisoners, and the prisoners reacted exactly how a real prisoner would react.Zimbardo states that the guards came up with many creative ways to control the prisoners. In one case, a rebellious prisoner, who refused to eat, was in solitary, and the rest of the prisoners were given a choice, whether to let the prisoner out and give up their blankets, or keep the blankets and keep the rebellious prisoner in solitary for the night. In the end, it was every man for him self and the rest of the prisoners chose to have their blankets.The only incentive for the prisoners was the pay of fifteen dollars per day, but some had to be cut short because of their reactions to the prison environment, such as crying, depression, and insanity. It was clear that the boys who were supposed to play the role of prisoners and guards were now acting in the mindset as if their status was really the prisoner and the guard. In fact, the experiment got too realistic and Zimbardo’s two-week experiment had to be cut short to six days. In Harvey Molotch’s article, (pg. 66, 2011)â€Å"The Rest Room and Equal Opportunity,† the author argues that even if men and women have equal amount of space in the bathrooms, it does not guarantee equal opportunity in the bathrooms because of the different roles of women and men. Men can use urinals, which take up less space than toilets and women need their own private stalls because of their specific needs. The author also suggests how western culture shapes the way how women use the bathroom, such as doing make up and gossiping. Therefore the differences in roles of women and men cause unequal opportunities even if they are given the same opportunity.

Growing Up African American Essay

I am a member of the African American group and I would like to tell you a bit about the group of when I am a part of. Let me start by saying that my African American group originated from Africa and growing up in America can be tough for people of my race, the African Americans. My group’s history is wide ranging spanning for many years and varying from region to region within the United States. I remember when I was young I use to talk to my mother a lot and asked her many questions like â€Å"Why am I called an African American? † She went on to explain that our race originally comes from Africa and we were part of a slave trade. From my mother I learned that we were slaves until a law was passed to give us freedom. I use to wonder when I was young if there were other people similar to me all over America. I also remember something my father told me once that African Americans live all over the country. My father told stories of how he used to go to an all black school could vote or sit in the front of buses. Being African Americans have faced several kinds of creation and consequence situations in the years they have been a part of the United States. In some places cheaper labor, longer work hours and terrible living conditions. Many people of the United States have made it almost impossible for groups of another race or Ethnicity to strive and live full happy lives. I have seen over the year’s situations of extermination in some parts, as well segregation, and expulsion. In school from some of my teachers, in social interactions like just walking through a store, and especially in the work place when they’ll even give me the chance to work because it doesn’t matter I go to get a job out here. There are some racist, even the Uncle Tom’s. I’ve done everything they ask and still I either get denied the job or they hire me and treat me like Growing up African American 3 trash until I quit, or they try to find a reason to get rid of me. Since, I don’t give them much reason to get rid of me due to my strong work ethic and performance; they usually try to break me down. Education plays an important role for most African Americans; however we are still way behind when compared to the White American which probably has a lot to do with the way some of us was brought up or our background. Regardless of the contributions made by the forefathers of black people, there is a hesitation of acceptance of the race that has been a focus of many groups the strive for freedom and justice for all, that has not yet been rectified. The same group of people was good enough to built the country is not always seen as good enough to live in the house next door. I believe because this country is made up of many different races and ethnic groups that are steadily growing in numbers. If different races are toco exist peacefully in the U. S. , it is vital that we all become educated on the history and culture of different races and ethnicities. According to the 2000 Census data for Lexington, MS the total population for 2000 were 2,025 male 965 and female 1,060 square miles 2. 45. Race: white (635); black or African American (1,362); American Indian and Alaska Native (1); Asian (13); and two or more races (14); and Hispanic or Latino (of any race) (40) (Fact finder Census 2000). Birthplace facts from the 2000 census data in Lexington born in the same state (1,706); born in another state (269); born outside the US (0); naturalized citizen (14); and foreign born, not US citizen (10). Some more 2000 census data in educational attainment population 25 and older was 1,206 in Lexington: high school graduates (299); some college, or associate’s degree (349); bachelor’s degree (111); and master’s, professional or doctorate degree (60). Some enrollment population 3 years and over Growing up African American 4 enrolled in school was 627: preschool and kindergarten (83); grades 1-12 (446); and college (98) (2000 census data). Growing up African American 5 References Factfinder Census 2000 Census data for Lexington, MS My mother and father.

A Payment By Results system Essay Example

A Payment By Results system Essay Example A Payment By Results system Essay A Payment By Results system Essay One basic way of regarding todays competing organizations is to view them as a system. Doing so, there are multiple factors that need to be assessed in order for companies to achieve their objectives. Reward management is a crucial element for the present and future of a companys survival. The reward system that we will cover at the moment is Payment By Results. The perspectives from which we can evaluate the quality of this system are motivation, commitment and flexibility. We must bear in mind that each company has a specific strategy in a long-term basis; therefore all the decision-making should be compatible to the latter. Apart from that, limitations, in terms of environment have to be considered. Employees want to earn higher or extra pay. Managers must believe that the financial motive for work is extremely important, more so than non financial motives and the most effective way of harnessing this motive is by the use of Payment By Results system not simply by paying higher wages(Behrend, 1959). Using this system, with examples including piece rate and commission, employees earn one third more than colleagues on a time rate system (Cowling James, 1994). It goes without saying that every reward system can have benefits as well as drawbacks for every organization. These depend on a number of factors. Advantages As mentioned previously, companies have found it imperative to motivate their employees in order to engender their performance at work. According to this reward system, the extent of the additional income of the employees will be closely related to the quality of their work. Needless to say, this is an effective way of giving the right incentives to a companys workforce to encourage them to excel and perform to the optimum. Apart from that, the creativity and imagination of each employee will be enhanced, so the company will be able to strive in their field. Cost-effectiveness is vital when a company requires goals that will create beneficial results. PBR can reduce a companys supervision costs. Since they already understand that due to the policy of the company they will be paid according to their own results, it gives them an incentive to perform as if they were supervised. So, it is all about finding the right way to harness an advantage. And PBR can offer a very effective solution for a company, because it is easily transformed efforts into high earnings achievements (there is no cap in earnings to an individual; the skys the limit). In addition, the emphasis reinforces the psychological contract between employer and employee and implies that the company wishes to share with their workforce. By showing interest in offering the conscientious employees additional income, organisations can, in a discrete way, enforce their employees commitment and, moreover, make them believe that the company will provide them its full support. This entirely beneficial outcome is possible by being as objective as possible when assessing the individuals output. Taking into account the Proctor and Gamble (PG) case study, Bob Wehling, PGs Global Marketing Officer asserts that their main objective was to increase top-line sales growth. The tool they used to achieve this was PBR. Putting aside the commission-based agency remuneration, PBR was the system they fostered to pay their advertising agencies a percentage of the sales and increase their flexibility. So the advertisement business world found an ally for a more optimistic future development. The creation of a stable workforce is also a rather favourable goal, especially when occurs for the long-term. Making use of the PBR reward system companies can acknowledge the value of each employee and offer them benefits accordingly. Therefore, it is rational to believe that by doing so the employees will be highly satisfied by the behaviour and the recognition of their company. Disadvantages However beneficial can this reward system be, it relies heavily on sensitive criteria because the quality of individuals work is not the easiest thing to assess in many jobs. So, this can bring about many drawbacks. Someone might argue that it is in the companys hands to take such difficult situations in their stride by setting appropriate criteria for evaluation. Yet, problems regarding this do occur. Some companies do measure their employees outcome by sales (like the Procter Gamble case study) and others by the increased number of clients. However, what is vital for a company is that they should be aware of their employees average abilities and make effort in guaranteeing that the final quality of the products or services they provide is always more important than the quantity. Problems may also arise when it is difficult for internal or external reasons to install PBR or when the trade unions might feel upset or unwilling to accept the way by which they are evaluated. In addition, PBR is likely to bring about a friction between employees when it comes to team-work, due to the fact that on the one hand all will try to perform their best, but on the other hand the will try to improve themselves at expense of their colleagues. Again, it is the obligation of the organization to settle specific rules and roles in order to avoid a negative potential situation like that. Payment By Results system is expensive to install and maintain. Output cannot be easily measured data can be manipulated and falsely recorded. One important condition that should not occur is that increase in production or output must not be at the expense of quality. Money is not the only Motivator. Recommendations One could reasonably wonder whether PBR is a reward system that is worth installing and maintaining. Although there is no certain answer to a question like that, it is recommended that any company interested in using this system should take some things into consideration. For instance, the organisation must have clear and well-planned standards not only of the goals of a company, but in the regard to the procedures that an employee s outcome is measured. Apart from that, a healthy interaction is more than necessary, in order to bring about a balanced rapport between company, managers and simple employees. We note that all of these are mere recommendations and that each company, according to their culture, strategy, structure and power, can have a distinct way of installing a Payment By Results system.

Environmental Pollution Scenario Review and Summary Research Paper

Environmental Pollution Scenario Review and Summary - Research Paper Example The paper "Environmental Pollution Scenario Review and Summary" analyzes environmental pollution scenario. There are seven measures we are to choose from as the budget allows to implement only 4 of them. Thus, when deciding which ones to choose, it is essential to use the method of elimination. In other words, it is important to define three measures, which are not very efficient and will not bring appreciable results. First of all, it is encouraging carpooling. This measure is not efficient in the modern world, as all the people have cars. In any case, they would prefer to use their own cars instead of waiting for a bus. People buy cars to make their way to work comfortable, because public transportation is not comfortable enough. This method could have been effective twenty years ago, but not now. Moreover, people want to be free and not to adjust to buses’ schedule. Buses will not be used by people, and the introduction of them will just add to the environmental pollution. The same can be stated about the encouraging of alternative transportation. People know pretty well that walking is useful for their health, but when they risk being late for work in the morning, they usually do not think about this usefulness. Several extra minutes spent drinking coffee in the morning are valuable for many people with an active way of life. They buy cars to have these extra minutes. Pollution control legislation for point sources also will not bring good results as people usually do not approve. of such laws and they do not work. The trouble is that such legislation demands much from the business owners and they prefer to actively reject such laws. The cruel laws of business make business owners think first of all about getting more income and reducing expenses, thus, there is very little chance that they would prefer to sacrifice their positions at the market in order to help save the environment. They prefer to consider such laws to be the measures taken to preve nt them from conducting successful activity. It is essential not to issue the laws, but to act. Four remaining items will really help reduce pollution, thus, the funds should be spent to implement them. The first important step is to establish green spaces or urban forestry. The development of the city demands building new houses and this usually requires eliminating some green spaces (Harding, 2006). However, if such a situation occurs, it is necessary to reimburse the losses by establishing new green spaces near the new building. The second essential step is to improve the roads as good roads help the cars make fewer emissions. This is one of the most expensive measures, but it is very essential to implement it. Promoting fuel-efficient cars is a very important measure that is taken in almost every developed country today. Such measure really can help save our environment and reduce pollution. Certainly, it demands much expense, but the game is worth the candle. Fuel-efficient car s should be manufactured and widely used by the people to save our environment, thus, it is essential to encourage people to use them. The last essential step is random emission testing, and it will serve to evaluate the changes the first three

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Research paper - Essay Example This kind of situation is not new. There are countries who continue to believe that education should be conducted in the local vernacular. They say that it is not good for the young ones to learn in a language other than their own because it might cause them to forget their native tongue. However, as the demands of society continue to make people and companies more aggressive there is a need for an adjustment in the educational system in order for skills to be sufficient for those demands. In the traditional curriculum, education has always been conducted in the native language. However, as more and more nations interact with each other in trade and commerce, schools have opted to teach in an additional language, most commonly English, to further enhance the students’ communication skills. This is called bilingual education. â€Å"Bilingual education is a form of education in which information is presented to the students in two (or more) languages.† (Bilingual Education) Bilingual education is good to use in the curriculum in elementary schools because it helps them to prepare for viable employment, communicating with others, and educational success. Language is a very important part of one’s individuality. At times, it is the mother tongue which distinguishes one nationality from another. Because of this, the introduction of bilingual education has come to face opposition. Throughout the world, however, there is still an obvious need to promote and practice bilingual education for the benefit of the younger generation. As some countries continue to practice teaching in the mother tongue, families go through many sacrifices in order to catch up with the fast-moving world. A typical scenario would be children being forced to study another language as hard as they could so as to be more efficient communication-wise. All this studying, though, sets aside the child’s right to a normal and fun childhood. Korean students